Limited Partnerships

<div class="Section1"><br /> <br /> Current cash distributions (i.e., not in liquidation of a partner&rsquo;s interest) that are not in excess of the partner&rsquo;s adjusted basis in the partnership interest immediately before the distribution are a nontaxable return of capital.<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">¹</a> The partner&rsquo;s adjusted basis in the partnership interest is reduced by the amount of such cash distributions.<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2">²</a> See Q <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="accordion-cross-reference" id="7737">7737</a>.<br /> <br /> To the extent that a cash distribution to a partner exceeds the partner&rsquo;s basis in the partnership interest immediately before the distribution, the partner realizes a gain that is taxed as if there were a sale of a partnership interest.<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3">³</a> See Q <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="accordion-cross-reference" id="7755">7755</a>. This is true of a current cash distribution or a cash distribution in liquidation of a partner&rsquo;s interest.<a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4">⁴</a><br /> <br /> A decrease in a partner&rsquo;s share of nonrecourse liabilities is considered, for tax purposes, a cash distribution.<a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5">⁵</a> See Q <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="accordion-cross-reference" id="7737">7737</a>.Such a decrease can occur when a mortgage is satisfied, a liability is discharged through foreclosure, or the partnership sells property subject to a mortgage. To the extent that such a deemed distribution exceeds the partner&rsquo;s adjusted basis in the partnership interest, the partner has a taxable gain.<a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6">⁶</a><br /> <br /> Loss is not recognized on a distribution other than a liquidating distribution.<a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7">⁷</a><br /> <br /> <div class="refs"><br /> <br /> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%"><br /> <br /> <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">1</a>. IRC &sect; 731(a).<br /> <br /> <a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2">2</a>. IRC &sect; 733.<br /> <br /> <a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3">3</a>. IRC &sect; 731(a).<br /> <br /> <a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4">4</a>. Treas. Reg. &sect; 1.731-1(a)(1)(i).<br /> <br /> <a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5">5</a>. IRC &sect; 752(b).<br /> <br /> <a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6">6</a>. IRC &sect; 731(a).<br /> <br /> <a href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7">7</a>. IRC &sect; 731(a)(2).<br /> <br /> </div></div><br />

<div class="Section1">The initial basis of a purchased interest is its cost basis and thereafter it is adjusted, as explained in Q <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="accordion-cross-reference" id="7737">7737</a>.<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">¹</a><div class="refs"><br /> <br /> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%"><br /> <br /> <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">1</a>. Treas. Reg. &sect; 1.742-1.<br /> <br /> </div></div><br />

<div class="Section1">A partner includes the distributive share of partnership items up to the time of the gift of the interest. The taxable year of the partnership closes with respect to the partner when the partner gives away his or her entire interest in the partnership, but does not close with respect to any other partner.<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">¹</a> Thus, the distributive share of income or loss for the short partnership year resulting from the gift is included in the tax year in which the gift is made, because that is the year in which the short partnership year ends as to the donor partner. See Q <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="accordion-cross-reference" id="7736">7736</a>.<br /> <br /> <hr><br /> <br /> <strong>Planning Point:</strong> If the partnership and partner have different years (i.e., the partnership is on a fiscal year and the individual uses a calendar tax year), it is possible that both a regular full partnership year and the short partnership year will end in the same year of the individual. Consequently, there can be a bunching of more than one year&rsquo;s partnership income (or loss) in one year&rsquo;s return of the individual. The partnership year does not end as to a partner who terminates less than the entire interest.<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2">²</a><br /> <br /> <hr><br /> <br /> <div class="refs"><br /> <br /> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%"><br /> <br /> <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">1</a>. IRC &sect; 706(c).<br /> <br /> <a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2">2</a>. IRC &sect; 706(c)(2)(B).<br /> <br /> </div></div><br />

<div class="Section1">The IRS and the Tax Court take the position that there is gain. They reason that where a grantor of a trust retains certain powers, and as a result is treated as owner of the trust for tax purposes, the grantor is considered, for tax purposes, owner of a partnership interest purchased by the trust. As owner, the grantor reports the distributive share of partnership income, gains, losses, deductions, and credits allocable to the trust. When the grantor renounces the retained powers that resulted in the trust&rsquo;s being classified as a grantor trust, the grantor is no longer considered owner of the trust&rsquo;s assets. In effect, the grantor has transferred ownership of the partnership interest to the trust. On the transfer, the grantor is deemed to receive a share of partnership liabilities.<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">¹</a> The amount realized is taxable as proceeds of a sale, as discussed in Q <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="accordion-cross-reference" id="7755">7755</a>. The fair market value of the interest in excess of the liability is a gift to the trust. See Q <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="accordion-cross-reference" id="7760">7760</a>.<div class="refs"><br /> <br /> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%"><br /> <br /> <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">1</a>. <em>Madorin v. Comm</em>., 84 TC 667 (1985); Treas. Reg. &sect; 1.1001(c)(Ex. 5); Rev. Rul. 77-402, 1977 CB 222.<br /> <br /> </div></div><br />

<div class="Section1"><br /> <br /> The taxable year of a partnership will close with respect to a limited partner whose entire interest in the partnership terminates for any reason, including the death of the limited partner.<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">¹</a> A decedent&rsquo;s own tax year also ends on the date of death and is ordinarily a short year.<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2">²</a> Thus, since the partnership tax year and the decedent&rsquo;s tax year will end on the same day, partnership income or loss will be included in the decedent&rsquo;s final return.<br /> <br /> If the successor sells or exchanges its entire interest, or its interest is liquidated, the partnership year will end as to the selling successor at the date of sale. See Q <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="accordion-cross-reference" id="7753">7753</a>.<br /> <br /> <div class="refs"><br /> <br /> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%"><br /> <br /> <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">1</a>. IRC &sect; 706(c)(2)(A).<br /> <br /> <a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2">2</a>. Treas. Reg. &sect; 1.443-1(a)(2).<br /> <br /> </div></div><br />

<div class="Section1">The estate or other successor in interest has a basis in the partnership interest &ldquo;stepped up&rdquo; (or down) to the fair market value of the interest on the date of death, or alternative valuation date used for estate tax purposes, increased by the estate&rsquo;s (or successor&rsquo;s) share of partnership liabilities on that date, and reduced to the extent the value is attributable to items of income in respect of a decedent.<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">¹</a> A modified carryover basis may replace stepped up basis for property acquired from a decedent dying in 2010. See Q <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="accordion-cross-reference" id="692">692</a>, Q <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="accordion-cross-reference" id="747">747</a>. For partnership tax years beginning after 1997, the partnership tax year ends with respect to a partner who dies (see Q <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="accordion-cross-reference" id="7763">7763</a>). For partnership tax years beginning before 1998, the distributive share attributable to the period ending with the date of death which was taxable to the estate or successor was income in respect of a decedent, not part of the basis.<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2">²</a><div class="refs"><br /> <br /> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%"><br /> <br /> <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">1</a>. Treas. Reg. &sect; 1.742-1.<br /> <br /> <a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2">2</a>. Treas. Reg. &sect;&sect; 1.753-1(b), 1.706-1(c)(2).<br /> <br /> </div></div><br />

<div class="Section1"><br /> <br /> A partner includes on a return the distributive share of partnership items of income, gain, loss, deductions, and credits for the partnership year that ends in or at the same time as his or her own taxable year. Since most individuals report on a calendar year basis, an individual partner generally includes partnership income for the same calendar year as a partnership that reports on the calendar year basis. If the partnership uses a non-calendar fiscal year, the calendar year partner includes partnership income, gains, losses, deductions, and credits for the partnership year that <em>ends</em> in the partner&rsquo;s calendar year.<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">¹</a><br /> <br /> The amounts included in the year a partnership interest is acquired, or in which a partner sells, liquidates, or gives away his or her partnership interest or the year a partner dies, are explained in Q <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="accordion-cross-reference" id="7746">7746</a>, Q <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="accordion-cross-reference" id="7753">7753</a>, Q <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="accordion-cross-reference" id="7759">7759</a>, and Q <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="accordion-cross-reference" id="7763">7763</a>.<br /> <br /> <div class="refs"><br /> <br /> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%"><br /> <br /> <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">1</a>. IRC &sect; 706(a); Treas. Reg. &sect; 1.706-1(a).<br /> <br /> </div></div><br />

<div class="Section1"><br /> <br /> Regulations finalized in 1991 modified the rules relating to the allocation of losses and deductions attributable to nonrecourse obligations. In addition, if there is no substantial modification to the partnership agreement, various transitional rules permit the use of the earlier regulations under certain circumstances.<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">¹</a><br /> <br /> For those partnerships which qualified under the 1989-1991 rules and which choose to remain grandfathered under such rules, former Temporary Treasury Regulation Section 1.704-1T(b)(4)(iv) generally provides that nonrecourse debt be treated under the rules described in Q <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="accordion-cross-reference" id="7744">7744</a>. Nonrecourse deductions will be deemed to be allocated in accordance with the partners&rsquo; interests in the partnership if the first four and part (a) of the fifth of the current requirements ( Q <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="accordion-cross-reference" id="7741">7741</a>) are met, and if the partnership agreement contains a clause complying with the minimum gain chargeback requirements contained in former Temporary Treasury Regulation Section 1.704-1T(b)(4)(iv). Those requirements provide that if there is a net decrease in partnership minimum gain during a year, each partner must be allocated a minimum gain chargeback equal to the greater of (1) the partner&rsquo;s share of the net decrease in minimum gain attributable to a disposition of property securing nonrecourse liabilities, or (2) the partner&rsquo;s deficit capital account, as specially defined in the former temporary regulations.<br /> <br /> <div class="refs"><br /> <br /> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%"><br /> <br /> <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">1</a>. See Treas. Reg. &sect; 1.704(l).<br /> <br /> </div></div><br />

<div class="Section1"><br /> <br /> If a partner contributes property to a partnership, allocations of income, gain, loss, and deduction must generally be made to the partner to reflect any variation between the basis of the property to the partnership and its fair market value at the time of contribution.<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">¹</a> When contributed property is distributed to a partner other than the contributing partner, the contributing partner will recognize gain or loss upon such distribution if it occurs within seven years of the contribution.<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2">²</a> However, a contributing partner is treated as receiving property which he or she contributed (and no gain or loss will therefore be recognized on the distribution) if the property contributed is distributed to another partner and like-kind property is distributed to the contributing partner within the earlier of (1) 180 days after the distribution to the other partner, or (2) the partner&rsquo;s tax return due date (including extensions) for the year in which the distribution to the other partner occurs.<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3">³</a><br /> <br /> For contributions of property made after October 22, 2004, if the property has a built-in loss, the loss is considered only in determining the items allocated to the contributing partner. Also, when determining items allocated to other partners, the basis of the property is considered its fair market value when it was contributed to the partnership.<a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4">⁴</a><br /> <br /> <div class="refs"><br /> <br /> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%"><br /> <br /> <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">1</a>. IRC &sect; 704(c)(1)(A).<br /> <br /> <a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2">2</a>. IRC &sect; 704(c)(1)(B).<br /> <br /> <a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3">3</a>. IRC &sect; 704(c)(2).<br /> <br /> <a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4">4</a>. IRC &sect; 704(c)(1)(C).<br /> <br /> </div></div><br />

<div class="Section1"><br /> <br /> A partnership may deduct up to $5,000 of organizational expenses in the year the partnership begins business. The $5,000 amount is reduced (but not below zero) by the amount of organization expenses that exceed $50,000. Remaining organizational expenses may be deducted over a 180-month period beginning with the month that the partnership begins business.<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">¹</a> These expenses include legal fees for services incident to organization, accounting fees for establishment of the partnership accounting system, and necessary filing fees.<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2">²</a><br /> <br /> The determination of the date the partnership begins business is a question of fact, but ordinarily it begins when the partnership starts the business operations for which it was organized. For example, the acquisition of operating assets that are necessary to the type of business contemplated may constitute beginning business. The mere signing of a partnership agreement is not sufficient to show the beginning of business.<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3">³</a><br /> <br /> <div class="refs"><br /> <br /> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%"><br /> <br /> <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">1</a>. IRC &sect; 709(b).<br /> <br /> <a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2">2</a>. Treas. Reg. &sect; 1.709(a).<br /> <br /> <a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3">3</a>. Treas. Reg. &sect; 1.709(c).<br /> <br /> </div></div><br />