International Taxation

<div class="Section1"><br /> <br /> The estate tax computation base of a nonresident alien&rsquo;s estate consists of his or her taxable estate plus any taxable gifts made during his or her lifetime.<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">¹</a> The taxable gifts of a nonresident alien made after 1976 (other than gifts included in the gross estate) also form part of the tax base upon which the estate tax is computed. The adjusted taxable gifts of a nonresident alien are computed in the same manner as for a resident citizen.<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2">²</a><br /> <br /> Once the taxable estate of the nonresident alien decedent is determined, the mechanics of the actual tax calculation and the applicable rate schedule (before the unified credit) are the same for nonresident alien decedents as for citizen-residents. However, a very important difference comes into play in the use of the unified credit, which is greatly reduced for nonresident alien decedents. This, of course, indirectly results in a higher effective tax rate. <em><em>See</em></em> Q <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="accordion-cross-reference" id="964">964</a> for a discussion of the unified credit as applied to nonresident aliens.<br /> <br /> <div class="refs"><br /> <br /> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%"><br /> <br /> <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">1</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; IRC &sect;&nbsp;2101(c).<br /> <br /> <a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2">2</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; IRC &sect;&nbsp;2101(b), (c).<br /> <br /> </div></div><br />

<div class="Section1"><br /> <br /> The unified transfer tax credit in the case of a nonresident alien decedent is only $13,000.<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">¹</a> This effectively exempts only the first $60,000 of his or her taxable estate from estate tax, a considerably lower threshold than applies to a domestic decedent.<br /> <br /> A special rule applies if the decedent was a nonresident of the United States, but resided in a U.S. possession (e.g., Puerto Rico, Guam) and was a U.S. citizen only because of birth or residence in, or citizenship of, the possession. Under these circumstances, the decedent is considered to be a “nonresident noncitizen,”<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2">²</a> and the estate of a decedent in this category qualifies for a credit that is the greater of:<br /> <blockquote>(1)     $13,000, or<br /> <br /> (2)     $46,800 multiplied by the ratio that the value (at death) of that part of the decedent’s gross estate that is located in the U.S. bears to the entire value of the decedent’s gross estate.<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3">³</a></blockquote><br /> In either case, the credit may not be more than the amount of the estate tax.<a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4">⁴</a> Further, the amount of the available credit is reduced by the value of any lifetime gifts made by the nonresident alien-decedent.<a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5">⁵</a><br /> <br /> </div><br /> <div class="refs"><br /> <br /> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><br /> <br /> <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">1</a>     IRC § 2102(b)(1).<br /> <br /> <a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2">2</a>     IRC § 2209.<br /> <br /> <a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3">3</a>     IRC § 2102(b)(2).<br /> <br /> <a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4">4</a>     IRC § 2102(b)(4).<br /> <br /> <a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5">5</a>     IRC § 2102(b)(3)(B).<br /> <br /> </div>

<div class="Section1"><br /> <br /> Mexican law prohibits the direct ownership of real estate within what is designated as the “restricted zone,” which is defined to include “all land located within 100 kilometers (about 62 miles) of any Mexican border, and within 50 kilometers (about 31 miles) of any Mexican coastline.”<br /> <br /> In order for a U.S. individual to acquire property within the restricted zone, the buyer must first form a “fideicomiso”<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">¹</a> with the buyer’s bank serving as the title owner of the real estate, and as the trustee to the trust, with the U.S. buyer being the trust beneficiary.<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2">²</a> This structure allows the U.S. buyer to enjoy complete and unrestricted use of the real estate.<br /> <br /> Essentially, the seller of the property sells the parcel to the bank as the trustee of the fideicomiso. The bank has a fiduciary obligation to follow instructions provided by the U.S. trust beneficiary, who will retain all ownership rights, while the bank retains title. Under this arrangement, the U.S. person can sell the property that is held in trust at its market value to any ready, willing and able buyer. In addition, the buyer can instruct the bank to lease the property to any person at terms favorable to the beneficiary.<br /> <br /> </div><br /> <div class="refs"><br /> <br /> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><br /> <br /> <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">1</a>     In essence, a Mexican trust that will hold real estate.<br /> <br /> <a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2">2</a>     In addition, the bank as trustee is also required to apply to the Ministerio Público (Minister of Public Affairs) for permit to acquire real estate and to establish the trust.<br /> <br /> </div>

<div class="Section1">If an individual is not considered a resident of Canada by fact, or is not deemed to be a resident of Canada by statute, then the individual will be considered a non-resident. Non-residents are not taxed on their worldwide income, but rather only on income that is derived from a source in Canada. This would include, for example, business or employment income in Canada or monies generated from a disposition of taxable Canadian property. A non-resident is also subject to Part XIII<br /> withholding tax on income earned from property held in Canada, otherwise known as “passive” income. Examples of passive income include the payment of dividends, royalties or interest.</div><br /> <div></div><br /> <div class="Section1">U.S. citizens who are non-residents of Canada but have Canadian source income must file a T1-NR Individual Tax Return with the CRA.<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">¹</a> U.S. residents who are non-residents of Canada and earn only passive income need not file a Canadian tax return. Instead, a withholding tax is withheld by the payor and remitted directly to the CRA on behalf of the non-resident. This requirement imposed on payers of monies going to non-residents simplifies the CRA tax collection efforts as against non-residents.</div><br /> <div class="refs"><br /> <br /> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><br /> <br /> <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">1</a>.   <a href="https://www.canada.ca/en/revenue-agency/services/forms-publications/tax-packages-years/general-income-tax-benefit-package/non-residents.html">https://www.canada.ca/en/revenue-agency/services/forms-publications/tax-packages-years/general-income-tax-benefit-package/non-residents.html</a> (2022 Income Tax and Benefit Package (for non-residents and deemed residents of Canada)).<br /> <br /> </div>

<div class="Section1">Canadian resident taxpayers will be subject to tax on half of the realized capital gains arising from the disposition of Canadian real property (assuming the property is held on capital account as opposed to on income account). That is, only half of the realized capital gains will be subject to tax at the individual’s marginal rate.<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">¹</a> If a loss is realized, then such losses are deductible, but only as against other capital gains.</div><br /> <div class="refs"><br /> <br /> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><br /> <br /> <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">1</a>.     CRA: Calculating your capital gain or loss, <a href="http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/tx/ndvdls/tpcs/ncm-tx/rtrn/cmpltng/rprtng-ncm/lns101-170/127/gns/clclt/menu-eng.html">http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/tx/ndvdls/tpcs/ncm-tx/rtrn/cmpltng/rprtng-ncm/lns101-170/127/gns/clclt/menu-eng.html</a>.<br /> <br /> </div>

<div class="Section1"><br /> <br /> Canada does not have estate taxes. However, the provinces in Canada levy probate taxes. Canadian probate taxes are narrower in application than U.S. estate tax.<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">¹</a> For example, Ontario probate taxes will apply on assets that are the subject of a will probated in Ontario, but will not apply to real property situated outside Ontario.<br /> <br /> U.S. Individuals residing in Canada will need to consider both U.S. and Canadian tax in their estate planning.<br /> <br /> Special care needs to be taken in developing succession plans for U.S. citizens resident in Canada due to the potential for mismatch in tax treatment of individuals in Canada versus the U.S. As these individuals are potentially subject to both the ITA and Internal Revenue Code, care must be taken to ensure that any estate plan is advantageous under both. There are many traps that can catch taxpayers dealing with both systems. Seeking professional advice from cross-border proficient advisors is well advised if you are a U.S. citizen who lives in Canada or who has assets situated in Canada.<br /> <br /> </div><br /> <div class="refs"><br /> <br /> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><br /> <br /> <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">1</a>.     See https://www.attorneygeneral.jus.gov.on.ca/english/estates/calculate.php for how to calculate Ontario rates.<br /> <br /> </div>

U.S. citizens living in Canada have many considerations that should be taken into account, only some of which are discussed here. In addition to the filing requirements already outlined above, U.S. citizens should be aware of the Net Investment Income Tax, or “Medicare Tax” as it has become colloquially known. U.S. citizens who historically have not had any U.S. income tax liability may be subject to this new tax at a rate of 3.8 percent if they have ‘net investment income’ (generally investment income such as interest, dividends, capital gains, etc. less permitted expenses related to that income such as brokerage fees and interest expenses) and they have a modified adjusted gross income over $200,000 if single, or $250,000 and filing jointly, Unfortunately for U.S. citizens subject to this tax, it seems unlikely that foreign tax credits can be used to reduce or eliminate this tax liability as the net investment income tax is not imposed by Chapter 1 of the U.S. Code and foreign tax credits are only applied as against Chapter 1 taxes.

<p>Generally, yes, though there are certain conditions and restrictions that must be understood first. U.S. individuals and other non-Mexican individuals may directly own real estate in Mexico. However, U.S. individuals may <em>not </em>directly own any real estate parcels within an area designated as the &ldquo;restricted zone&rdquo; (see Q <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="accordion-cross-reference" id="1002">1002</a>).<br /> <br /> From a very practical position, any U.S. individual seeking to purchase real property in Mexico should understand the following basic premises:<br /> <p style="padding-left: 40px;">(1)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The real estate industry in Mexico is generally unregulated. Real estate agents and brokers are neither licensed nor regulated as they are in the U.S. In addition, there is no &ldquo;Office of the Real Estate Commissioner&rdquo; or equivalent in Mexico to provide any type of consumer protection or advocacy. In any Mexican real property transaction, extreme caution must be exercised before executing any contract.</p><p style="padding-left: 40px;">(2)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Any acquisitions in the &ldquo;restricted zone&rdquo; by a U.S. individual must be undertaken with the following entities:</p><p style="padding-left: 80px;">o&nbsp;&nbsp; A bank;</p><p style="padding-left: 80px;">o&nbsp;&nbsp; A public notary; or</p><p style="padding-left: 80px;">o&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The buyer&rsquo;s attorney (preferably a licensed Mexican attorney).</p></p><br />

<div class="Section1"><br /> <br /> Based on the scenario described in Q <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="accordion-cross-reference" id="1002">1002</a>, the primary issue becomes whether or not the U.S. individual is required to report his interest in the fideicomiso to the IRS as required pursuant to current Code provisions.<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">¹</a><br /> <br /> Recent guidance issued by the IRS has indicated that the fideicomiso is not deemed a trust for U.S. tax purposes, thus it is treated as a disregarded entity.<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2">²</a> This means that the trust is not subject to otherwise applicable reporting requirements.<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3">³</a><br /> <br /> Accordingly, any gains resulting from the sale of the Mexican property by the trust will be recognized by the U.S. beneficiary and subject to the favorable maximum current capital gains rate of 20 percent, as opposed to the maximum rate of 37 percent applicable to ordinary income. However, the receipt of any rental income must be reported as income on the U.S. individual&rsquo;s return.<br /> <br /> <div class="refs"><br /> <br /> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%"><br /> <br /> <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">1</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Forms 3520 and 3520-A, pursuant to Notice 97-34, &sect; IV, 1997-1 CB 422.<br /> <br /> <a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2">2</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Rev. Rul. 2013-14.<br /> <br /> <a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3">3</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Similar decision reached in Let. Rul. 201245003.<br /> <br /> </div></div><br />

Status as a part-year resident typically applies to an individual who enters Canada for the first time as a resident, or who leaves Canada permanently. A U.S. resident who becomes a Canadian resident for tax purposes in any given year (because of factual considerations such as moving to a permanent residence in Canada), or a U.S. resident who is also a Canadian resident but decides to permanently leave Canada will likely be considered a part-time resident of Canada in both the year of entry and in the year of departure. Part-time residency status applies to individuals who have ties in Canada that have been severed mid-year.<br /> <br /> In these situations, the ITA alters the “taxation year” of the individual to be the part of the year that the individual was in Canada prior to departure, or the part of the year that starts when the individual entered Canada and ends at the end of that calendar year. For the part-year<br /> that the individual is a resident of Canada, he or she is subject to taxation on worldwide income. For the part-year that the individual is a non-resident of Canada, he or she is only subject to taxation on Canadian sourced income.