The commonly analyzed personality traits of agreeableness, neuroticism and extraversion are all associated with lower lifetime wealth accumulation, according to a new paper set to be published in the Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards' Financial Planning Review.
The analysis, penned by Mark Fenton-O'Creevy, a researcher at The Open University Business School, and Adrian Furnham, of the BI Norwegian School of Management, also shows conscientiousness is correlated with greater savings and investments.
In fact, Fenton-O'Creevy and Furnham find that conscientiousness is far and away the most important personality trait associated with wealth accumulation. This is no surprise, the authors explain, as those who are conscientious have a preference for following rules, setting careful plans and maintaining a high degree of organization and diligence with respect to important tasks.
The research suggests that those with this trait achieve meaningfully more wealth and financial stability, both during their years in the workforce and during retirement. Importantly, the finding holds when accounting for educational attainment and other variables.
While the researchers say this baseline finding is important in its own right, from a practical point of view, the more useful part of their analysis for financial advisors is the extensive consideration of each of the "Big Five" personality traits that are commonly studied by psychologists and scholars of behavioral finance. These are neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, extraversion and openness.
At the end of the day, the authors conclude, these personality traits all have an influence on client choices about wealth accumulation, and they should be factored into any holistic financial plan.
Neuroticism Reduces Risk-Taking
As the authors spell out, neuroticism concerns habitual levels of emotional volatility and anxiety. Its opposite is emotional stability and calmness.
"Those high on neuroticism are particularly prone to anxiety and acutely sensitive to risks," the authors explain. "A key way in which neuroticism can affect financial behavior is through its expression as lower emotional stability and anxious avoidance of risk."
For example, in experimental studies cited by the authors, researchers have found that neuroticism significantly influenced behavior in an experimental asset market. That is, more neurotic individuals make choices to hold less risky assets in their financial portfolios than less neurotic individuals.
The key insight for financial planners is that, while greater risk-taking is not always appropriate, many neurotic people may allow their fear of volatility to lead them to invest in overly conservative portfolios. This can be especially problematic for those with middle incomes and greater longevity.
The authors go on to cite additional prior surveys that show higher levels of neuroticism to be inversely associated with trading performance, including among investment management professionals.
Conscientiousness Is King
As generally defined by psychologists, conscientiousness relates to a person's preference for following rules, working hard, organizing tasks carefully and ensuring important tasks are completed in a timely fashion.
As noted, conscientiousness is the personality variable most consistently associated with work and career success, and the correlation holds after taking into account educational attainment and important cognitive variables.
According to Fenton-O'Creevy and Furnham, conscientiousness is also associated with effective financial planning. Both the new survey and prior research show the trait is also negatively correlated with young adults' levels of financial distress.
The authors point to one "interesting" prior survey showing conscientiousness to be positively associated with wealth, but the relationship was only significant at the lower end of the wealth continuum. This suggests that those with less wealth but greater degrees of conscientiousness are able to make the most of their current situation and avoid common financial pitfalls.
Ultimately, Fenton-O'Creevy and Furnham find, people with this trait are likely to treat the management of their finances seriously and bring a diligent approach to saving and investing. As such, they can make ideal clients for financial planners who like to take a collaborative approach to client service.
Agreeableness Is Less Instructive
The trait of agreeableness concerns the extent to which a person is warm, cooperative, trusting, motivated to help others and willing to act in their interests.
According to Fenton-O'Creevy and Furnham, the evidence on agreeableness and financial behavior is weaker and less consistent than for neuroticism or conscientiousness.
Some prior research has suggested that, across Western cultures, lower agreeableness is actually weakly associated with business career success.
