Your client will be receiving a year-end bonus and would like your advice as to how to best put this extra money to work. In providing this guidance, there are a few things to consider.
When and How Will the Bonus be Paid?
Will they receive the extra money this year in 2022, or in early 2023? This affects their taxes and other issues such as retirement plan contributions.
Year-end bonuses are generally paid as cash to employees. However, they can also be paid in the form of stock, including stock options, restricted stock units (RSUs) or other forms. They can also be paid as a contribution to the employee's profit-sharing account. Be sure to get a handle on the timing of the payment and the form in which the bonus will be paid.
Taxation of Bonuses
Bonuses paid as cash are taxed in one of two ways.
The IRS lumps bonuses with items like severance pay and commissions into the category of supplemental wages. The withholding rate on supplemental wages can either be done using the percentage method or the aggregate method.
With the percentage method, your client's employer can withhold a flat 22% of the bonus amount regardless of your client's tax bracket or their normal withholding on their salary. If the amount of bonuses paid within a calendar year exceeds $1 million, the tax withholding amount must be at 37% regardless of your client's normal withholding amount.
The aggregate method can be used by employers if they lump your client's regular salary together with their bonus in a single paycheck. Under this method the taxes withheld would be based on your client's normal withholding elections.
Bonuses in the form of stock options or RSUs are generally not taxed in the year they are granted. There are future tax planning implications for your client based on the type of stock compensation and other factors.
What to Do With a Bonus
The best uses of your client's bonus will vary by each client's situation. Here are some ideas to consider. Depending upon the amount of your client's bonus, they may be able to put it toward several of these uses.
Ensure Taxes Are Covered
Whether through extra withholding or setting aside some of the bonus money as needed, make sure that your client's tax liability for 2022 or 2023 will be covered in light of the extra amount received via the bonus.
Be sure to take a look at your client's tax situation to ensure that they will not have an issue at tax filing time, whether due to the amount of the bonus or under-withholding during the year. They may want to obtain an estimate of the tax liability for the year from their tax professional. If it looks like they will owe a sizable amount, then directing some of the bonus money toward paying their taxes makes sense.
Maximize 401(k) Contributions
If your client will be receiving their bonus payment this year, review their 401(k) contributions to ensure that they are on track to contribute the maximum amount of $20,500, or $27,000 if they are 50 or older in 2022. They may need to increase the deferral percentage for that payment to hit the maximum, or they may be able to ask their employer to defer a set amount from the bonus check.
If the bonus will be paid in 2023, use the bonus amount along with their normal compensation to ensure they contribute the maximum amount of $22,500 or $30,000 for those who are 50 or older for 2023.
Set up a Mega Backdoor Roth
If your client's employer offers this option, this is a way for your client to contribute extra after-tax dollars to the 401(k) plan. For 2022, the limit is $40,500; for 2023 the limit is $43,500. These limits are in excess of annual 401(k) employee contribution limits. A mega backdoor Roth offers a vehicle for clients who can't contribute directly to a Roth IRA due to their income, or who want to accumulate larger amounts in a Roth account over time.
They may still be able to contribute for 2022, or at the very least they can set money aside from their bonus to offset money contributed from their paycheck for 2023.
Contribute to an IRA
Contributing to an IRA is a good use of some of the client's bonus money, especially if your client has contributed the maximum to their 401(k) or is not covered by a workplace plan. Depending upon your client's income, they may be able to contribute to a traditional IRA on a pretax basis or to a Roth IRA. If their income is too high for these options, they can also contribute to a traditional IRA on an after-tax basis.
