Retirement income decisions on the sequencing of withdrawals interact with each other, income tax provisions and the client's financial goals. What appears to be a sound decision could produce unintended costs unless the advisor considers the interaction of retirement income sufficiency, income taxes and potential estate taxes.
A white paper by Carlo Cordasco, senior national director of the Nationwide Retirement Institute, "Withdrawal Sequencing Strategies That Could Enhance Tax Efficiency," examines these interactions.
Cordasco describes the problem: "What does an IRA withdrawal do to the taxability of a capital gain? What does the presence of capital gains do to the taxation of Social Security benefits? And how is the client's effective tax rate impacted when he or she has all of the above? The first two questions are examples of product- and account-level tax considerations; the third points to the importance of a deeper awareness of interactions."
Cordasco presents a series of scenarios using a building block approach to illustrate how advisors should consider tax interactions.
For instance, the first scenario starts with the income tax calculation for a retired couple who have incurred a capital gain, which in this first example is taxed at the available 0% rate. He then complicates the situation by adding a $10,000 IRA withdrawal to the same capital gain. The additional IRA income results in $10,000 of the capital gains being shifted into the 15% bracket for a tax liability of $1,500.
Other scenarios take the same approach. Cordasco calculates the income taxes from a client receiving both Social Security and IRA withdrawals. This requires a calculation of the couple's provisional income and the taxability of their Social Security income. In the second part of the illustration, he adds an additional $10,000 IRA withdrawal and shows its tax cost. While an advisor will recognize the tax interactions involved, clients probably won't understand the total costs until the advisor explains them.
Besides considering income tax minimization, Cordasco also discusses how different sequencing strategies affect other goals that retirees often have:
- Portfolio longevity: Extending the life of their retirement portfolio.
- Sustainable income: Maintaining their standard of living in retirement.
- After-tax estate value: Preserving savings to pass on to heirs.
An essential requirement to providing clients with comprehensive analyses is having software that recognizes the tax interactions and presents the results in a format clients can understand.
