(Credit: Chris Nicholls)
When should individuals claim their Social Security income benefits? According to a recent report by the Bipartisan Policy Center, more than one-third of Americans still claim at age 62 and two thirds claim before their full retirement age (FRA).
Nearly a quarter of men claim at FRA, many without considering that by doing so they are making an active choice to receive less income than they could receive by claiming later. Others fail to consider the implications claiming may have on their spouse's benefits.
While many without adequate savings aren't able to choose when to claim if they retire involuntarily, everyone else has a choice. An analysis of actual claiming decisions by retirees made by United Income Inc., a wealth management software firm owned by Capital One, found that suboptimal claiming decisions cost households an average of $68,000 in lost wealth.
Sophisticated analyses take into account the tradeoff of receiving no income during the deferral period and more income later in retirement. The losses are particularly acute for women and healthier Americans (often those with higher incomes) who receive the same annual income increase from deferral but can expect to receive this income over more years than the average American, as they tend to live longer.
Claiming early can be tempting for retirees who are worried about the solvency of Social Security. As Boston University economics professor Larry Kotlikoff has pointed out, if Social Security income is eventually cut (which is unlikely), the income of those who claim early will be cut by the same percentage as those who claimed later.
If benefits get a 23% cut in 2034, the average present value (or PV) of payments for a man claiming at 62 is $678,124, and $764,084 if he claims at 70. Cutting benefits earlier than 2034 will only increase this difference. Without a benefit cut, the difference between claiming at 62 and 70 is $131,951 ($818,747 vs. $950,698).
Advisors and Present Value
As Kotlikoff's present value calculations demonstrate, getting the claiming decision right can add the equivalent of a six-figure windfall to a retiree's balance sheet.
Advisors who cling to less accurate methods, such as the breakeven age, to evaluate the benefits of various claiming options may shortchange their client by tens of thousands of dollars if they fail to consider the value of larger income payments made later in life.
Insurance companies price the cost of creating an annuity based on the present value of mortality weighted future payments. If the probability that a healthy woman will be alive at age 90 is 50% (according to the Society of Actuaries table for annuity buyers), then the value of a $30,000 payment will be $15,000.
Discounting the current rate on inflation-protected U.S. government Treasury bonds (TIPS), which recently was -0.5%, the present value of this payment is exactly $17,000. In a market that prices inflation-adjusted payments with a negative discount rate, the value of Social Security is higher than when TIPS rates are positive.
An advisor evaluating deferral strategies should think like an insurance company when estimating the value of claiming at different ages. How healthy is my client compared to the average American? If they're healthy, this increases the present value of any claiming strategy that increases future income.
How healthy (and what age) is their spouse and how much will the deferral affect the spouse's income? What is the current market rate of return on inflation-protected securities? Higher Social Security income is worth more when the market places a greater value on inflation protection and nominal interest rates are low.
Effective claiming often means overcoming the biggest barrier — clients' behavioral biases. Common objections include "it's my money and I want it now," "Social Security is going bankrupt," or "my mom/dad/grandparent died at 72 so I want to get some of my money back."
Advisors can overcome these biases by using an objective fact-based process that recognizes that Social Security is an asset and that the goal is to maximize the asset's value.
Claiming Decision & Retirement Security
Social Security provides not only income, but also crucial protection against the risk of outliving one's assets. This is particularly important today since people are living longer than ever, and rising health care costs often lead to unexpected expenses that can drain savings.
Higher-income workers have made the biggest gains in longevity in recent decades, so planning horizons for higher-income clients should be longer than for the average American.
An important aspect of Social Security planning is evaluating whether the individual is likely to be alive in their 80s and 90s.
A question used in the University of Michigan's Health and Retirement Study, which asks respondents how likely it is that they will live beyond age 75, does a reasonable job of predicting actual longevity. A client in poor health, who smokes, is obese or carries another risk factor associated with reduced longevity, will see less benefit from delayed claiming.
Remember that the income increases calculated by Social Security are fair for an American of average lifespan and during a period with positive real interest rates. For healthy Americans today, delayed claiming provides an (actuarially) increase in total wealth.
While benefits are available as early as age 62, claiming later permanently raises monthly benefits with the maximum benefits available to those who claim at age 70. There's a 6% reduction in monthly benefits for each year one begins receiving benefits before full retirement age.
For someone whose full retirement age is 67 but decides to begin benefits at 62, that means approximately 30% less per month than if waiting until age 67.
If your client is able to wait, delaying claiming past the full retirement age means they will gain about 8% more in monthly benefits each year, up to age 70. For someone with a full retirement age of 67, delaying Social Security retirement benefits until age 70 would result in a 24% increase in the monthly benefit amount.
Here's another way to think about the financial impact of early claiming. Assume the initial monthly benefit is $1,000 if a client claims benefits at the full retirement age of 67. If the client begins collecting benefits at 62, the monthly benefit would be $700 — that's a 30% reduction.
But if the client can wait to begin collecting benefits until age 70, the monthly benefit would be about $1,240 — 24% more than the $1,000 he client would get at age 67, and 72% higher than the monthly benefit amount the client would have collected if you began at age 62.
Only about 4% of retirees make the optimal Social Security claiming decision. This results in a loss of wealth of roughly $2.1 trillion for current retirees that made a suboptimal claiming decision.
