Bridgewater founder Ray Dalio.
Hedge fund titan Ray Dalio published a sobering essay last Friday about the state of capitalism in the U.S. He observed, correctly in my view, that "the ability to make money, save it, and put it into capital (i.e., capitalism) is an effective motivator of people and allocator of resources that raises people's living standards."
But Dalio then went on to present myriad data showing that many Americans make too little money to live on, let alone save, with harmful consequences. He counts among them diminished health, education and economic mobility, high rates of incarceration, and widening wealth and income disparity that raise the risk of social unrest. In an interview with 60 Minutes on Sunday, he called it "a national emergency."
The problems Dalio identified can already be observed in much of his data, but another one is coming, and soon. Many Americans can't afford to save for their future, and with baby boomers leaving the work force in big numbers, millions will spend their retirement in or near poverty.
Unlike many of the thorny problems cited by Dalio, however, this one has a simple solution and it doesn't involve exorbitant expense.
The Government Accountability Office recently updated its sweeping 2015 report on retirement security in America. The new numbers are no more comforting than the old ones, and the most worrisome among them is stubbornly consistent: 29 percent of households aged 55 and older have no retirement savings and no pension.
It's a bigger number than it seems. The 65-and-older population is projected to be roughly 74 million in 2030, according to the Census Bureau. If nothing changes, more than 21 million of those retirees will have to rely on Social Security, a meager income. The average annual Social Security benefit for 2019 is roughly $17,500, according to the Social Security Administration, barely above the federal poverty level of $12,490 for a single person.
And that's optimistic. Social Security income is based on wages earned during one's working years. According to the GAO report, the median annual income of households with no retirement savings and no pension was $18,932 in 2013. That's a fraction of the median household income of $53,585 that year, according to the Census Bureau, which is likely to mean that those households' Social Security benefits will be well below average, too.
With that little income, those households are fortunate to save at all. According to the GAO, they had a median net worth of $34,760 and financial assets of just $1,000 in 2013. But even better-paid workers struggle to save because the median household income is well below the cost of living. Roughly three-quarters of households aged 55 to 64 had $150,000 or less in retirement savings in 2013. That isn't nearly enough, and unless wages rise, younger workers won't be any better prepared for retirement.
Workers once had brighter retirement prospects, if not higher wages. What's changed is that over the last four decades, a growing number of employers replaced their pensions with 401(k) and other defined contribution plans, shifting the responsibility of saving for retirement to employees. According to the Employee Benefit Research Institute, 28 percent of private sector workers who participated in an employment-based retirement plan were enrolled in a traditional pension in 2014, down from 84 percent in 1979.
It's hard to blame employers. Pensions are difficult and costly to manage, as any number of underfunded corporate and government plans can attest. Workers also move jobs more often than they used to, so employers may not feel as responsible for their futures. But employers have no doubt saved a fortune by abandoning pensions, and given that real wages have hardly moved over the last four decades, there's little indication they passed those savings on to workers.
It wouldn't cost employers much, however, to give workers some retirement security again. By my calculation, it amounts to $2.64 an hour.
Here's how I get there: According to the Economic Policy Institute, the cost of living for a single person in, say, the Chicago metro area, is $38,600 a year. Assuming an average Social Security benefit of $17,500, the shortfall is $21,100.
Assuming also that typical retirees will withdraw roughly 4 percent a year from their retirement savings, that shortfall can be generated with savings of $527,500. And if savings grow at a real rate of 4 percent over 40 years of employment — a more conservative long-term growth rate than the historical real return of 6 percent a year from a traditional 60/40 portfolio, given historically low interest rates and high U.S. stock valuations — employers can provide workers with the savings they need by contributing $5,500 a year to a retirement account on their behalf, or $2.64 an hour based on a 2,080-hour work year.
Many employers already contribute to 401(k)s by matching some portion of workers' savings, but the workers who can't afford to save are the ones who most need those contributions. The government can also do its part by excluding employers' contributions from tax, as well as the growth and eventual withdrawal of those retirement savings.
The flaws of 401(k) and other defined contribution plans are well understood, and more needs to be done to make them cheaper and simpler. But retirement plans are worthless if they can't be funded. After all, workers can't save what they don't make.
— For more Bloomberg Opinion columns, visit http://bloomberg.com/opinion.
Nir Kaissar is a Bloomberg Opinion columnist covering the markets. He is the founder of Unison Advisors, an asset management firm. He has worked as a lawyer at Sullivan & Cromwell and a consultant at Ernst & Young.
