More and more central bankers have moved into the next frontier of monetary policy by enacting negative interest rates in an attempt to stimulate their economies.
Though the limited data available thus far make it difficult to judge the success or failure of this monetary innovation on an empirical basis, BlackRock Senior Director Peter Fisher turns to theory to point out this policy's inherent limitations.
During an interview on BloombergTV on Thursday, Fisher laid out the reasons why sub-zero interest rates will prove counterproductive by examining the three key channels through which monetary policy supports economic activity:
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Foreign exchange: a weaker currency helps improve net exports;
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Credit: lower borrowing costs spur more debt-fueled activity; and
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Wealth: monetary accommodation supports asset prices, and higher asset prices cause people to feel richer and boost their spending.
Exchange rate
Fisher acknowledged that in certain cases — for smaller, open economies without especially deep capital markets (like Denmark or Sweden) — negative rates could prove to be a useful tool to deter capital inflows that foster an appreciation in the currency.
But this strategy doesn't work on a grander scale, according to Fisher, and has only helped weaken some exchange rates to a moderate degree thus far, because the U.S. still has a positive policy rate.
"But let's be clear, negative rates for the FX rate is about a race to the bottom of competitive devaluation," he asserted. "The International Monetary Fund was established to try to prevent us from doing that again, what we did in the 1920s and '30s that were such a disaster."
Credit channel
On the credit side, Fisher argues that policy wonks and central bankers alike have been too focused on just half of the ledger: the demand side.
While lower interest rates make it cheaper and more attractive for consumers to take on debt, net interest margins will determine how attractive it is for the lender to provide these funds.
Negative rates crimp profitability both by the direct charge on deposits and the flattening of the yield curve that has accompanied their adoption, he claimed. Banks have been unwilling to pass along the tax on deposits to their customers, due in part to the money illusion; the general unwillingness of people to accept a negative nominal return.
