One of my hobbies is collecting photographs from the retirement brochures handed to clients of financial services companies. My personal favorite genre is the silhouette of a white-haired husband and wife sitting in lounge chairs on the beach, taken from behind, gazing at the ocean, possibly holding hands or a drink. Among the best of these photos is a retiree with arms raised in triumph at having successfully made it to the beach (obviously by following the recommendations of the financial advisor). I've collected about 50 of these reverse beach chair shots.
It's easy to understand why these images are so powerful. According to Nobel Prize-winning economist Gary Becker, such images enhance our so-called imagination capital by increasing our awareness of the future. We save more during our working years to fund a 25-year plus beach vacation at the end of life.
But how accurate is the image of the beach-bound retiree? How many retirees actually move out of their homes? If they do move, why do they leave and where do they go? And does it make sense to shop around for states with lower taxes and better lifestyles?
Research provides some important answers to these questions. The first surprising finding from a new study by the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts is that only a tiny percentage of seniors move during their 60s (about 1 percent per year). Most retirees stay in their own homes and, as Texas Tech researcher Charlene Kalenkoski has shown, they spend most of their time watching TV. A more realistic (but less effective) ad would show a couple on the couch raising their arms to reach for the remote.
Historically, retirees generally moved from their own home to a nursing home after they were no longer able to care for themselves. But more seniors today are moving than in the past. The likelihood of moving has roughly tripled within each age group of retirees between 1968–1984 and 1996–2011 (even though the percentage among young seniors is still very low). The most dramatic trend in the 21st century is the sharp rise in moves to senior housing by younger (age 65–74) retirees in the highest wealth groups. More young, wealthy retirees are deciding to sell their homes and transition into an environment tailored to retirement living.
In the past, greater wealth gave seniors the luxury of staying in their own home instead of having to move into an apartment. A 2008 study by Texas Tech professor Russell James found that renters were generally less satisfied in retirement until they begin to experience the mental and physical limitations that often motivate a move into senior housing in their 80s. Today, these more wealthy retirees are being lured by innovative senior housing options that promise an improvement in lifestyle for those who can afford the cost of admission.
In his book "Housing in America," author John McIlwain points to sharp differences in preferences between boomers and older cohorts in predicting a shift in senior housing. Boomers are more concerned about lifestyle, and some retirement communities are beginning to focus on a new generation of retirees.
According to Tony DiBlasi, chief of asset management for Ohio Capital Corporation for Housing, communities that cater to younger retirees are selling a lifestyle. "The early boomers have a different idea of senior housing than has been traditionally available in the marketplace. What's changed in the last 10 years is product types — developers are offering more square footage, innovation in floor plan layouts that are more attractive, brownstone apartments with a more urban look, access to technology, and they're bundling more health and wellness activities like swimming pools and fitness centers."
So-called active adult (or 55+) communities are predicted to grow by 25 percent annually according to the National Association of Home Builders. Even the grandfather of retirement communities, Del Webb, seems to be catering to the anticipated boomer audience by advertising energy saving, "environmentally friendly" homes. They even list wine tasting and lifelong learning as the first two activities on the Del Webb lifestyle web page. Clearly the lure of the largest aging cohort in history is already impacting developers expecting an exodus of retirees looking to while away their golden years sipping chardonnay at yoga class.
Among the most interesting options mentioned by DiBlasi are continuing care retirement communities, or CCRCs. Rather than transition from a single family home early in retirement to a nursing home late in retirement, retirees can select a living environment that best matches how and where they want to live, and then transition from condo-style living to greater care in advanced age. Retirees must buy access to the communities (often hundreds of thousands of dollars, and the cost can increase with life expectancy), but retirees are guaranteed a place to live if they keep paying the rent.
With a CCRC, you pay up front because you won't risk outliving assets on the back end since you're guaranteed to receive care within the community. The concept provides an alternative to long-term care insurance, and many even allow a partial refund of up-front costs if you decide to move out. As with long-term care insurance, the financial strength of the company is an important consideration; however, DiBlasi notes that "these companies have very long track records at this point. They've been doing this for decades."
