(Bloomberg) — U.S. states, still grappling with the lingering effects of the longest recession since the 1930s, are even more vulnerable to another fiscal shock.
The governments have a little more than half the reserves they'd stashed away before the 18-month recession that ended in June 2009, according to a report last month by Pew Charitable Trusts. New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Illinois and Arkansas have saved the least.
Skimpier rainy-day funds have implications for the national economy, which is in its sixth year of expansion. States would have to cut spending or raise revenue by a combined $21 billion in the event of a recession, exacerbating economic weakness, Moody's Analytics found in a stress test of state finances. Reserves take on added importance for governments balancing obligatory pension and health care costs with swings in tax collections, said Daniel White, a senior economist at the arm of Moody's Corp.
"What the Great Recession has shown is that things have fundamentally changed in terms of the way that state fiscal conditions are determined," White said from West Chester, Pennsylvania. "They need to be much more prepared for very volatile fiscal conditions than they had been in the past."
Investor focus
Investors are monitoring states' fiscal balances after seeing how reserves helped some governments weather the recession, said John Donaldson, who helps manage $800 million of munis as director of fixed income at Haverford Trust Co. in Radnor, Pa.
California won credit upgrades and saw borrowing costs shrink after voters in November agreed to bolster rainy-day funds. With Fitch Ratings lifting California to A+ in February, its fifth-highest level, the state has its highest marks from the three biggest rating companies since at least 2009.
Bond buyers demand about 0.3 percentage point of extra yield to own 10-year California munis instead of benchmark debt, close to the lowest spread since 2007, data compiled by Bloomberg show.
"We're looking for stability and credit quality," said Richard Ciccarone, Chicago-based chief executive officer of Merritt Research Services LLC, which analyzes municipal finance. "A rainy-day fund is a symbol of conservative financial management."
Preparation failure
States were unprepared for the last recession. In 2009, budget gaps totaled $117 billion, about twice the level of reserves, according to Pew, a research group. With more of a cushion, they would've cut fewer jobs, White said.
The governments employ about 5.1 million nonfarm workers, about 140,000 fewer than the 2008 peak, Bureau of Labor Statistics data show.
States such as New York and Illinois, more reliant on income levies, should budget more like energy producers Alaska and North Dakota, which are accustomed to revenue swings, White said. Tax collections have become more prone to swings partly because of variability among high earners, he said.
In the next recession, the federal government may not assist states as it did in 2009, with grants for Medicaid and education, White said.
