(Bloomberg) — Premature withdrawals from retirement accounts have become America's new piggy bank, cracked open in record amounts during lean times by people like Cindy Cromie, who needed the money to rent a U-Haul and start a new life.
Her employer, the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, had outsourced Cromie's medical transcription work. Cromie said the move cut her income by as much as 60 percent, at times leaving her with minimum-wage pay.
So, last year, at age 56, she moved about 90 miles from her home in Edinboro, Pennsylvania, into her mother's basement. To make ends meet as she moved and then quit the job, Cromie pulled out $2,767 from her retirement savings.
"We made two trips and it just got to be real expensive," she said. "That money, it was a security that I needed."
Still unemployed, Cromie is trying to avoid tapping what's left of her retirement savings — $7,000 that would be subject to taxes and a 10 percent extra penalty if she touches it in the next two to three years, before she turns 59 1/2.
It's a small number that's part of a much larger picture: The Internal Revenue Service collected $5.7 billion in 2011 from penalties, meaning that Americans took out about $57 billion from retirement funds before they were supposed to.
The median size of a 401(k) is $24,400 as of March 31, with people older than 55 having $65,300, according to Fidelity Investments. Those funds can disappear quickly in retirement, and the early withdrawals indicate that the coming retirement crisis could be even more acute than expected.
'Most Vulnerable'
"They get hit with the penalty at exactly the time when they're the most vulnerable," said Reid Cramer, director of the Asset Building Program at the New America Foundation, which tries to improve savings for lower-income families. "So it's a real double-whammy."
For decades, Americans' homes were their piggy banks. As values rose, they refinanced or took out second mortgages. Since the housing collapse of 2008, that's often no longer an option. Taking money from a 401(k) — and worrying about the consequences later — became a more attractive alternative and a record number of Americans made early withdrawals in 2010.
Collecting Penalties
Adjusted for inflation, the government collects 37 percent more money from early-withdrawal penalties than it did in 2003. Meanwhile, the amount of home-equity loans outstanding was $704 billion in 2013, down 38 percent from the 2007 peak, according to Federal Reserve data.
"They didn't have access to the home equity that they had in the past," Cramer said. "And families looked around for what was left and they actually drained the value from the 401(k)."
In 2011, 5.7 million tax returns, or about 4 percent of all U.S. households, reported paying penalties on early withdrawals. The government collected more than enough money from these penalties to fund the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
As economic conditions deteriorate, such withdrawals spike, as they did in 1991, 2002 and 2007. The inflation-adjusted penalty collections declined 5 percent in 2011, the last year for which complete data is available.
'In Hardship'
"You have this kind of Catch-22," said Karen Friedman, executive vice president and policy director at the Pension Rights Center, a Washington-based consumer group. "On the one hand, the penalty is meant to discourage people from taking the money out. At a time when millions of families are in hardship, they're more likely to take that money out."
Under U.S. law, money in tax-deferred retirement accounts can be removed without penalty after age 59 1/2 and generally must be withdrawn starting after age 70 1/2.
Withdrawals, at any age, are added to a taxpayer's income and taxed at regular rates. The extra 10 percent penalty for 401(k) plans applies to early withdrawals, except in cases of disability and certain medical expenses.
And withdrawals from individual retirement accounts have a broader set of exceptions to the penalty, including spending for higher education and first-time home-buying.
The people who pay the penalty include younger workers who switch jobs and don't bother to roll over their accounts and older workers who have no place else to turn.
A Federal Reserve study last year found that in 2010, 9.3 percent of taxpayers with retirementaccounts or pensions were penalized, up from 7.9 percent in 2004.
Cash-Out Rates
Younger workers ages 20 to 39 have the highest cash-out rates, with about 40 percent taking money with them when they switch jobs, according to data from Fidelity, the largest administrator of 401(k) plans.
