Long-term equity investors are at a critical juncture. They can believe a V-shaped economic recovery is imminent, if not underway, and valuations for broad-based equity indexes properly reflect an end to the "decrepit decade" of return-less risk in U.S. markets.
Or they can believe true economic recovery–growth, not just stability–is still a long way off and U.S. equity valuations are in bubble territory, not reflective of the rough terrain ahead.
For index-based investors, getting this decision right is critical. Outperformance in the equity markets over the long term (by which I mean at least 10 years) is a byproduct of one's entry point, as Yale economist Robert Shiller has shown in his studies. Superior long-term performance is highly dependent on buying when the market is cheap.
Macroeconomic issues
The case for economic recovery, at least one of the V-shaped variety, is difficult to make. First and foremost, one has to assume that the rise in unemployment will end, not just decelerate, as has been the case. Strong forces, however, make that unlikely.
We are losing jobs at the rate of over 200,000 per month. As John Mauldin of Millennium Wave Advisors has documented, an average 250,000 jobs per month need to be created over the next five years to return to 5% unemployment–the level associated with "full employment." Since the beginning of 1999, however, there have been only 19 months (out of a total of 128) where that many job were created. To revert from the current level of job losses to an era of job creation of the required magnitude is highly unlikely.
Before employers hire new workers, they will increase the hours for existing workers. That has been the case in most past recessions, but has yet to occur in this recession. The average worker is putting in only 33 hours per week, down from 39 hours in 1965.
Consumer spending, the traditional engine of the U.S. economy and driver of employment, is 10% below its historical trend line. From 1950-1980 consumer spending was remarkably stable, amounting to 62% of GDP. In the next three decades, as our personal debt rose from 55% of national income to 133% of national income, consumer spending rose to 70% of GDP.
That debt binge is over and has been replaced by the new frugality.
Don't assume that the new frugality affects only luxury products–it is impacting virtually every segment of the consumer economy. McDonald's recently announced disappointing earnings and revenues for NASCAR, the all-American blue-collar pastime, are declining. We are still learning just how frugal Americans can be.
Debt-fueled consumer spending created an abundance of retailing venues, and now many will be forced to contract or will cease to exist. The automobile industry figured this out the hard way, as Chrysler's and GM's bankruptcies forced the closure of thousands of dealerships. Similar consolidations will occur throughout the retail industry, leaving many unemployed.
Excess capacity problems exist in financial services, housing and construction-related industries, automobiles, and in other major sectors of our economy. Manufacturing utilization in the U.S., which some call the "output gap," is at 65%, its lowest point in 60 years.
High unemployment and low capacity utilization are combining to prevent inflation. The U.S. has never had an episode of inflation that was not driven by wage increases, and capacity utilization historically must reach 80% before inflationary pressures are felt. Very few companies can increase prices in the absence of inflation, impairing their ability to grow revenue.
Even the airline industry, which seems to have largely rationalized its overcapacity (When was the last time you saw more than a few empty seats on a flight?), still cannot raise prices without suffering adverse consequences.
Deep structural problems plague the economy. Two noted economists, both of whom accurately forecast the housing crisis and the current economic cycle, concur. On July 23, Robert Shiller said the nation remains in a "bad recession" and he foresees the "risk of a weak economy for years to come." On September 4, NYU professor Nouriel Roubini said he believes that the basic scenario is going to be one of a U-shaped economic recovery where growth is going to remain below trend, especially for the advanced economies, for at least two or three years.
Assessing market valuations
While the economy struggles, Wall Street analysts forecast a V-shaped recovery. The sharply chiseled contour of the "V" is evident in this graph of actual operating profits beginning in 2007 (when they peaked) through the second quarter of this year, followed by analysts' projections through 2011:
