If a client asked you how much of her retirement nest egg should be allocated to risky stocks versus safe bonds, I presume you'd have an answer. And if she then asked you how much of her equity should be in domestic stocks versus foreign stocks, or growth stocks versus value stocks, I'm equally sure you'd have something intelligent to say about that, too. After all, these classic asset allocation questions are the bread and butter of the investment management business.
But what if a client asked you how much of her nest egg should be invested in an annuity product versus regular mutual funds? What if she wants to know what proportion, if any, of her portfolio should be allocated to a variable annuity with a guaranteed living income benefit (GLiB)? Or what if she wants to figure out at what age she should purchase an annuity — or begin lifetime income on an existing VA product?
These are definitely not portfolio asset allocation questions. Instead, they are what I like to label product allocation issues. And to be frank, the traditional investment industry — both academic researchers and practitioners — hasn't paid enough attention to them, yet. But as your clients age and move into their golden years, protecting them against the multitude of new risks will become increasingly important to them, and thus to you. So, in an attempt to get some traction in discussing these issues, in this column I would like to offer some recommendations on the product allocation aspect of retirement income planning.
Three Product Silos
Let me start by characterizing the universe of products available for use within client portfolios to generate income during retirement. I like to group the entire zoo of retirement income products into three distinct "silos."
o In the first silo are traditional mutual funds, exchange traded funds, separately managed accounts and other conventional accumulation-based instruments. They contain no bells, no whistles and no guarantees. The retirement income itself is generated by periodically selling an appropriate number of units. Think reverse-dollar-cost averaging (DCA), otherwise known as a systematic withdrawal plan (SWiP).
o In a second silo I place defined benefit (DB) pensions and income annuity products, including variable, fixed and inflation-adjusted, that offer a lifetime income at a very cheap economic price. In this silo, too, there are no bells or whistles, but high mortality credits come at the cost of complete irreversibility and loss of liquidity. I label anything in this silo a lifetime payout income annuity (LPiA)
o In the third silo I place all of the remaining financially engineered products that are not-quite-pensions and not-quite-SWiPs. These are the modern "sequence of returns"-protected investments and longevity put options, including, of course, variable annuities with guaranteed lifetime income benefits (GLiBs).
Putting It All Together
Now, let's take the case of a retiree, age 65 and in good health, who wants to start withdrawing 4.5 percent of the current value of her portfolio, inflation-adjusted each year, to generate income for the rest of her life. She doesn't have any pre-existing income from a pension (ignoring Social Security for the moment), nor does she intend to borrow against home equity using a reverse mortgage. The $4,500 desired per $100,000 initial nest egg is a reasonable spending rate according to most studies. The following diagram displays my recommended allocations within the three silos:
Drum roll please: My model suggests that one-third of her investible nest egg should be allocated to pure pensions (i.e., she should use a third of her money to buy a SPIA); one-third to conventional mutual funds and/or managed accounts (i.e., she should keep things as is); and the final third to "sequence of returns"-protected investments (for example, variable annuities with a guaranteed living income benefit). Finally, within the investment portion itself, the asset allocation should be roughly half equity, half bonds.
Balancing Financial Legacy vs. Income Sustainability
Now, you might ask, where in the world do these model allocation numbers come from? Well, to make a long (mathematical) story short, this particular allocation produces an optimized balance between the goals of personal retirement income sustainability and leaving a financial legacy for the client's descendants. More technically, this allocation will induce the most efficient 85 percent income sustainability ratio while still maintaining a 20 percent financial legacy in present value terms.
