Supporters of a $35 billion State Children's Health Insurance Program extension bill failed to line up 13 of the 286 House votes they needed to override a veto.
House members voted 273-156 to override a decision by President Bush to veto the bill, H.R. 976, but supporters were unable to come up with a two-thirds majority.
The failure of the veto override effort in the House means that an override resolution will not come up for a vote in the Senate.
The current SCHIP program originally was set to expire Sept. 30. A temporary measure has extended authorization for the program until Nov. 16.
House Minority Leader John Boehner, R-Ohio, said many Republicans voted against the veto override because they believe they "haven't been afforded the opportunity to sit down together" to prepare a compromise bill.
"I hope that the opportunity to sit down and work together comes today after this vote," Boehner said.
H.R. 976 would have increased SCHIP funding to $60 billion over 5 years.