In reviewing SEC examination results, several common deficiencies keep popping up. Among them are:
Prior deficiencies. Make sure that you have properly addressed all deficiencies cited in previous regulatory examinations. Depending upon the nature of the issue, failure to correct previously cited deficiencies can result in a referral to enforcement. To detect and prevent rccurrences, these issues should be reviewed by the chief compliance officer on a periodic basis.
Lacking an appropriate business continuity plan. The SEC is currently issuing deficiencies to RIA firms that fail to consider and account for emergency situations that have the potential to interrupt and interfere with their ability to effectively service investment advisory clients. Partly as a result of recent global and domestic events, the SEC mandates business continuity planning for all federally registered RIA firms. In fact, requests for such policies have become commonplace during regulatory audits. A firm's policy and any corresponding procedures will be reviewed for their adequacy and in relation to the firm's scope and complexity.
Some firms address business continuity issues by focusing solely upon information technology, such as computer backups and additional record retention software, while others focus upon personnel issues such as the incapacity of key employees. Regardless of the size or intricacies of the firm, each firm should balance these two considerations. The resulting business continuity plan should concentrate on reasonably foreseeable events and the potential impact each would have on the firm's business as well as its ability to service clients. The contingency planning process should include provisions that address the impact an emergency situation would have on various aspects of the firm's investment operations. These include–but are not limited to–employees, clients, physical facilities, communications, information resources, business operations, regulatory concerns, third-party service providers, and financial resources, and all within the context of losses to the firm's physical infrastructure, business operations, and personnel.
For example, physical losses relate to those tangible elements that comprise the firm's infrastructure. Business operational losses include those elements that serve as the foundation upon which the infrastructure relies, the firm's financial and information resources, as well as custodians or other third-party service providers that are essential to the servicing of client accounts. The overall goal is to identify those tangible and intangible assets and relationships that could be compromised in an emergency.
Should the RIA's office become inaccessible or its equipment suffer permanent damage, the firm must address contingencies intended to account for such situations including the safeguarding of client-related records, the ability for the company to continue to make investments and implement investment transactions for its clients, and the ability of the company's clients to communicate with the firm. At a minimum, plans for storing, maintaining, and restoring computer data and other information should be established. However, the planning process may not stop at this point: The firm must also consider the contingency plans established by any third party with which it has established a relationship.
No e-mail retention policy. SEC-registered advisors must maintain electronic correspondence pursuant to recordkeeping rule 204-2. State-registered advisors have to hew to similar state recordkeeping rules. As with all other correspondence and records covered by rule 204-2, electronic mail must be maintained for five years, except with respect to composite performance documentation that must be maintained for an extended period of time pursuant to rule 204-2(a)(16).
An SEC-registered investment advisor should be prepared to produce electronic correspondence during a regulatory examination. Unless the advisor has previously implemented a written policy as to the retention and deletion of electronic correspondence prior to the regulatory examination, and follows that policy on a regular basis, the Commission will object to filtering of certain electronic correspondence in response to its request for production at the time of the examination. During a regulatory examination, the SEC will initially request electronic correspondence for a limited period of time (e.g., generally three months to one year), and may subsequently enlarge the review period based upon its findings. The electronic correspondence will include both client correspondence and internal firm correspondence. As such, an investment advisor should develop a written policy with respect to electronic mail retention and deletion.
No suitability determination policy. Although the 1940 Act does not currently impose an express suitability requirement on investment advisors, the SEC maintains that investment advisors have a fiduciary duty to reasonably determine that the investment advice or services that they provide to clients are suitable, taking into consideration a client's financial situation, investment experience, and investment objectives. Accordingly, each firm should be prepared to demonstrate to the Commission that it has a policy to obtain and maintain sufficient information regarding the client's circumstances to enable the firm to determine whether particular advice or services are suitable, initially and thereafter. Examples of the type of corresponding documents that investment advisors may determine to implement include client questionnaires, fact sheets, investment objectives confirmation letters, and/or investment policy statements.
Failure to demonstrate best execution. As fiduciaries, investment advisors are obligated to act in the best interest of their clients. Accordingly, they must seek the best available execution for each client's securities trades. The duty of best execution requires investment advisors to have their customers' orders executed at prices that are as favorable as possible under prevailing market conditions. An advisory firm will seek to meet its duty of best execution by selecting broker/dealers that can provide the best qualitative execution, taking into consideration various factors. Such factors include, but are not limited to, the value of research provided, if any, the capability of the firm to execute trades efficiently, the competitiveness of its commission rates and transaction fees, and the overall level of customer service. Thus, while the firm should give significant weight to the competitiveness of the available commission or transaction rates, it may not necessarily select the broker/dealer that offers the lowest possible rates for the firm's client account transactions. Additionally, even where the firm uses its best efforts to seek the lowest possible commission rate, it may not necessarily obtain the lowest rate for client account transactions. Depending upon the scope of the firm's trading activities, the firm can determine the availability of best execution by a variety of methods, including its own experience with transactions effected by various broker/dealers, by conducting its own surveys and soliciting data from competing broker/dealers, and by reviewing trading data from third-party industry research sources. The extent and frequency of a firm's review and monitoring procedures will depend on its business operations and trading practices.
Lack of a policy for client direction of broker/dealer selection. In the event that clients expressly direct an RIA to route all securities transactions through a particular B/D with which the firm does not have a relationship, the RIA should be prepared to demonstrate that the client made the direction (the best way is to confirm the direction in the investment advisory agreement). The RIA should also show that it has disclosed to the client in the advisory agreement and on Schedule F that he or she will be responsible for negotiating the terms and arrangements for its account with that broker/dealer and that the RIA firm will thus be unable to seek better execution services or prices from other broker/dealers or "bunch" the client's transactions for execution through the other B/Ds with orders from other accounts managed by the firm. The RIA should also show that it has disclosed to the client that he or she may incur increased commissions, transaction costs, or spreads, or receive less favorable net prices, than would otherwise be the case had the client determined to effect transactions through brokerage relationships generally available through the advisor.
In the event that transactions for client accounts are routed through a B/D that has referred the client to the firm, the potential for a conflict of interest arises and corresponding written disclosure of such relationship–in the advisory agreement and on Schedule F–must be made to the client prior to effecting transactions through the referring broker/dealer. If as result of such arrangement, the client pays more in commissions or transaction fees, the client should acknowledge, in writing (via the advisory agreement), that as a result of such direction, he shall incur higher commissions or other transaction costs than would otherwise be the case had the client determined to effect transactions through alternative brokerage relationships generally available through the advisor.
Failure to make schedule 13F filings. If an advisor has investment discretion over $100 million or more of individual equity securities traded on securities exchanges or Nasdaq, the RIA will generally be required to file quarterly reports with the SEC on Form 13F pursuant to the requirements of Section 13(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Accordingly, the firm's chief compliance officer must monitor the firm's applicable discretionary assets under management to ensure 13(f) compliance.
Failure to comply with SEC solicitor requirements. Rules governing solicitors differ from state to state. Many, however, have indicated that individuals who refer prospective clients to an SEC-registered advisor are not subject to investment advisor or investment advisor representative registration, or any other qualification rules, such as investment-related designation or passing exams, so long as the advisor complies with rule 206(4)-3 under the Advisers Act, commonly known as the referral fee rule. Rule 206(4)-3 requires a written agreement between the advisor and solicitor setting forth certain terms and conditions of the referral arrangement. The solicitor must also provide the prospective client with a copy of the advisor's written disclosure statement at the time of the solicitation as well as a separate written disclosure document containing certain information pertaining to the solicitation arrangement, including a description of the compensation to be paid to the solicitor. The RIA must obtain, and maintain for rule 204-2 recordkeeping purposes, a signed and dated document from the client acknowledging receipt of both the advisor's and the solicitor's written disclosure statements.
Misleading marketing and advertising. The SEC defines "advertising and sales literature" to include any notice, circular, letter, or other written communication addressed to more than one person, or any notice or other announcement in any publication or by radio, television, or Internet that offers any report, analysis, graph, chart, or formula concerning securities or to be used in determining what securities to buy or sell, or any other investment advisory service with regard to securities. Detailed rules under the Act govern the use of advertising and sales literature by the advisory firm. The SEC will generally base its determination on whether an advertisement is "misleading" on all the particular facts relative to the advertisement, and would look carefully at the form and content of the advertisement, the implications or inferences that could reasonably be made from the advertisement in its total context, and the overall sophistication of the audience who was receiving the advertisement's message. The SEC objects to the use of superlatives in marketing materials, brochures, and Web sites. These qualifiers, such as state-of-the-art, outstanding, superior, or world-leading, are usually unnecessary and should be minimized or eliminated.
In addition, the use of performance data in advertising and marketing materials is a highly complex subject and is carefully scrutinized by the SEC. The reason for the complexity of this subject is that the SEC has not established any fixed formulas for the calculation of investment advisor performance. In recent years, however, the SEC has provided guidance to advisors on its requirements for performance advertising. Therefore, particular care must be taken to ensure that materials presenting the composite performance of firm accounts meet SEC rules and interpretations and contain required disclaimers and legends. Finally, the contents of an advisor's Web site constitute advertising and marketing materials. Advisors that maintain a Web site should include appropriate disclosures to make sure its content is not misleading. Additional substantive Web site disclosures should be included, depending upon specific content and links to third-party sites.
Thomas Giachetti is chairman of the Securities Practice Group of Stark & Stark, a 100-attorney firm with offices in Princeton, New York, and Philadelphia that represents investment advisors, financial planners, broker/dealers, CPA firms, registered reps, and public and private investment companies throughout the U.S. He can be reached at [email protected].
